Compare and Contrast the Colonization of Jamestown, Plymouth

HIST 1301: U. S. History to 1865 Fall 2012 Essay Assignment #1 Question: Compare and contrast the colonization of Jamestown, Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay. Be sure to discuss the settlers involved, the purpose of the colonies, the success or failure of the colony, important developments associated with colonization, and the role of religion in the colony. HIST-1301-009 – U. S. HISTORY TO 1865 Essay Assignment #1 Jamestown, Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay are all belong to English Colonization. There have some similarities and differences among these three places.Jamestown has no settler, but only 100 male adventures which was leaded by Captain John Smith looking for quick profit. Then, Thomas Gates sails 500 colonists and Lord Delaware arrives with 150 colonists in Jamestown. However, different with Jamestown, although Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay were settled by different people; Plymouth was steeled by Separatists from the Church of England and Massachusetts Bay was stee led by Non-Separating Congregationalists, but those settlers are all Puritans. The settlers of Plymouth are 101 men, women and children.In Massachusetts Bay, over 1000 Puritans sail for America in 1631 after 1630. Jamestown is for those adventures looking for a quick profit. But in Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, both of them settled up not for quick. Plymouth was settled to avoid persecution. Massachusetts Bay was settled to reform the Church of England, to some extent, the colonists build a new society in there. Unfortunately, not like the success in Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, the colonization of Jamestown is failure. From 1607 to 1624, people in Jamestown died from 14,000 to 1,132.In Plymouth, after they settled the colony up, it still had many people died at the first winner. The colonists helped the Wampanoags, and colony became self-sufficient in the following year. Then, civil government also grew out of church government. As Plymouth’s success, Massachusetts Bay also success in colonization. The colonists formed the New England Company, and Charles I grant a charter to the company. Finally John Winthrop moved the company to America to ensure the Puritan control. Even though Jamestown is failure, there still have many developments in colony. Related article: Jamestown and Plymouth Compare and ContrastTobacco became goods in exportation, colony accepted the Head-Right Policy to gain more settlers, and colonists granted the right of Englishmen. In Plymouth, colonists signed for the Mayflower Compact and became civil government because they landed off course and outside governmental jurisdiction. Massachusetts Bay had General Court. It was form by Winthrop and a few people, after more and more people got in, it finally became a legislative body in 1634, and became bicameral in following year. From Jamestown, there is no any religion get involved.Just some adventures want to get money in the short time, so they established the colony. However, different from Jamestown, religion plays a crucial role in Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. First of all, the settlers of Plymouth are Separatists from the Church of England, and the settlers of Massachusetts Bay are Non-Separating Congregationalists. Both of those settlers are Puritans . Furthermore, Plymouth’s settlers established colony for avoid persecution, and Massachusetts Bay’s settlers established colony for reform the Church of England. Religion relates to these two colonies at the beginning.

The Courtesans of Bollywood

The media – whether in print, television, or the cinema – has portrayed women in all sorts of images. These images reflect how a certain society perceive women and what roles do they portray in reality. Women in Indian cinema have been variously depicted with different images which represent the division within the Indian society. Just like in any parts of the world, the classification between men and women has been distinct throughout history. Even in modern time, such classifications which further divide both sexes still exist in media because of the stereotypes that have been established.The Indian film industry, famously called as Bollywood, has effectively created films which encompassed the different faces of women in their nation. There are films that attributed them with Hindu goddesses and as well as portraying them as traditional and modern women from all division of the caste. The films that are made depicting women reflected India’s thoughts and behav ior towards sexuality and social norms. The media – despite of its tendency for exaggeration and sensationalism – draws its inspiration from real life’s circumstances, no matter how fictitious the story becomes.No matter how the characters of women are formed, their roles in the film say a lot about the current social perception of Indian Women. Two notable films in Bollywood will be the central discussion of this essay. Pakeezah (1972) and Devdas (2002) became well-known for the romantic plots amidst the struggles within social taboos combined with cinematic intensity and songs aptly made for the film. From these films, the heroines that will be given concentration belong to that level of society which is usually judged derogatively.Sahibjaan of Pakeezah and Chandramukhi from Devdas share the same profession of courtesans, and played major roles in the films showing how Indian courtesans are being personified. The discussion for the two female protagonists will revolve around their being courtesans and they symbolized India’s perception and direction of their views regarding sexuality and how their norms and social evolvement are shaped by these views. Courtesans, as seen from the films, cater to the public eye, predominantly of male audience. Their profession has been criticized by society as immoral and these women are usually isolated from the realm of an ideal woman.By exploring the two films, it will be argued how the views of courtesans are still relevant in the modern Indian society. To be able to convey the contents of the arguments for the established thesis statement, a brief background or summary of each movie will be provided. This is for the intent of giving a foundation or an origin where the standpoints will be derived. Second, there will be an attempt to categorize Indian courtesans which is distinct from courtesans of other countries. This will be connected to how the character of a courtesan became an embodiment o f India’s assumption towards sexuality.From this, Sahibjaan and Chandramukhi from the films will be subjected to analysis, comparing the differences of their roles as courtesans on the films. The essay will be concluded by gathering all the insights that have been discussed and as well as its implications on Indian society. The plot of both films is set in the conservative India where traditional elements are highly emphasized. One of the two films has been derived from a 1917 novella called Devdas. This film has many versions in different languages and the one directed by Sanjay Bhansali in 2002, is the latest and the first full colored version of the film.Devdas can be said as a classic love triangle story with the lives of the main characters closely intertwined with each other. The male protagonist Devdas came back from London to reconcile with his long-time childhood beloved Paro. The two has been arranged for marriage however, when the Paro’s maternal ancestry as dancers is revealed, her humiliated mother decided to arrange a marriage for Paro to another man. From that aspect the tragedy of the heart-broken Devdas ensues, as his college friend introduced him to the world of alcohol and carnal desires.The brothel where his friend brought him became his emotional solace or more of an emotional escapism. As Devdas began to indulge in alcoholism, he met the most famous courtesan named Chandramukhi. Her beauty and exquisite charm which made Chandramukhi as a renowned courtesan became an irresistible pull for Devdas to become close to her. On the other hand, his vulnerabilities as a man shown by his weakened state by the alcohol and the discovery of his supposed love story became the reason why Chandramukhi fell in love with him.The story takes its turn with Devdas being devoured by his alcoholic addiction and Chandramukhi’s love for him brought her to Paro to convince him to stop his self-destruction and subsequently formed a friendship w ith her. Though he did not listen, Devdas promised to see her before his death. Eventually, he confessed his love for Chandramukhi however shortly after that; he expressed his goodbye to her because of his intent to move out of the country. On his journey and with the last drink of wine, he became extremely sick. Feeling himself on the verge of death, he went to fulfill his promise to Paro to see her.Paro ran to meet him but her husband prohibited her and as Devdas dies in front of their gates, his last image is Paro trying to reach for him and screaming his name. It is a clear tragic story for the three characters as all of them are not able to achieve the happiness they wanted out of love. The dynamism of the story is presented by the diverse social upbringing of the characters. Devdas is born from the upper landowning class, while Paro came from an ordinary family whose lineage is from dancers, and Chandramukhi being a courtesan is judged by the society as immoral.The three main characters attempted to go beyond their social status as the purpose of love became their main source of strength to defy the social norms. The second film which similarly tackled defying social classifications in the name of love is, Pakeezah. Released in 1972, this film took 14 years to be completed due to personal issues between the main cast and the director. An original work of Kamal Amrohi, Pakeezah is a classic Indian courtesan movie. This film is a story about a woman who dreams of escaping a world where she felt worthless and soulless.Sahibjaan shared the same fate that her mother did, a profession which eventually led to the rejection of her father’s family. After her mother’s death, her aunt Nawabjaan adopted her and brought Sahibjaan to her brothel where she practiced dancing and singing. She became famous as a courtesan when she grew up, however, her aunt felt the need to get Sahibjaan out of the brothel when her father came searching for her. On the train ride out of the city Sahibjaan found a note that has been slipped between her toes where a stranger wrote about the beauty of her feet and not to soil it.This note became her hope to find rescue from the environment she desperately wants to escape. It also became her only evidence that this particular stranger is the only one who can love her truly and the note is her first real communication with someone who has a pure intention towards her. She was able to meet the stranger who is a forest ranger named Salim, and because of her fear that he might reject her, Sahibjaan kept her true identity. Salim brought her to his family however as men recognized Sahibjaan as the courtesan, Salim’s family disapproved.Despite of Sahibjaan’s confession about her work, Salim’s feelings did not change and both of them ran away together. He eventually decided to marry her, renaming Sahibjaan as Pakeezah meaning ‘the pure one. ’ However, her shame and fear as being a courtesan dominated her, and not wanting to ruin Salim’s reputation Sahibjaan fled from him and called off the marriage. Her decision has left Salim hurting and as a way of retaliation and coping with the pain, Salim decided to marry another woman and invited Sahibjaan for his wedding. In this part of the film, she danced on broken glasses practically symbolizing the pain that both of them share.A revelation has been made when Salim’s uncle, Shahabuddin, learns that Sahibjaan is his long-lost daughter and it resulted to a happy-ending for Sahibjaan, knowing that her father will save her from the world she wanted to get away from, and as well as a possibility for her love for Salim to be reconsidered. Just like the film Devdas, Pakeezah tells about a romantic story of a courtesan with a heart. Someone like Sahibjaan does not desire to be a courtesan forever and wanted to become a real woman by meeting her future husband and be a wife.There is also the familiar pattern of the characters disregarding their social status to be able to experience a relationship with one another. It leaves the impression of Indian movies such as these that the division of the caste system in reality is strictly followed. Pakeezah and Devdas are two classic Bollywood films which portrays the kind of women often degraded by the society. These films presented the courtesans with such humanity which goes beyond their profession of enticing and engaging their audience towards them.Courtesans can be said to have prominently existed way before the times of the monarchy. Indian courtesans are said to be â€Å"sexually liberated and educated women who dance in the temples and at public ceremonies and the only women who are allowed to learn to read, sing, and dance† (Feldman & Gordon, 2006, p. 161). Just like other courtesans in general, they are meant to entertain and offer their company to men. Their difference from prostitutes is that sexual intercourse is just one of their services. They engage in discussions, in festivals, and in the arts. Simone de Beauvoir further differentiates the two:Prostitutes need two kinds of men, client and protector. In her environment man is superior to woman, and this setting apart favors a kind of love-religion which explains the abnegation of certain prostitutes. For the courtesans, beauty and charm or sex appeal are necessary but not enough, she must be recognize as a person. Her pride, her independence, and her money mean that she will never be ‘taken’ – no man will be her absoluter master. † (cited in Kazmi, 1994, p. 237) From the two films, as courtesans their bodies became the attraction to be able to play the part.The dances and mujras by Sahibjaan and Chandramukhi are utilized to emphasize their body part and allure to entice men. As in Indian cinema, women are placed in the cast for the purpose of having something ‘pleasurable in the eyes’ on the screen. â€Å"In t heir traditional exhibitionist role, women are simultaneously looked at and displayed with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness† (Kazmi , 1994, p. 234). Since their roles are courtesans, they are always under the scrutiny of their male clients.Their publicized sexuality makes them a property of the society. However, from the films, it can be seen that the courtesans fell in love with the male protagonists both coming from noble families. This love makes them as the hero’s property, thus, losing their â€Å"generalized sexuality and showgirl connotations† and their erotic charms are for the male protagonists alone (Kazmi, 1994, p. 234). That sense of property has not been made official since Sahibjaan and Chandramukhi are not seen married under traditional ceremonies.This gives the impression that India may not view courtesans as an ideal wife, no matter how the circumstances of falling in love may occur. In Devdas, Chandramukhi is seen as a feisty woman who holds her dignity as a courtesan. Despite of the numerous males gawking at her performance and by the harsh judgments which society throws at her, she never did want to become someone else or want anything other than Devdas. She has a strong image of a courtesan portrayed in the film. Chandramukhi can be classified as the classic courtesan who has lived by her destiny to please the public, though she is condemned by it.By the time that she became too attached with Devdas, her duty of pleasing many people has been devoted to please Devdas so he could ease his sufferings. Chandramukhi’s sacrifice of letting Devdas go symbolized her gratitude for him the moment he confessed that he loves her as well. Because that love is rarely given to a courtesan like her and the fact Devdas see her as a normal woman worthy of it, she devoted her life taking care of him and letting go of him in the end even if it entails her happiness (Nair, 2002, p. 86). On the other hand, Sahibjaan is portrayed as a courtesan struggling for an escape from the world she grew up with.Unlike Chandramukhi, Sahibjaan is a courtesan who wished to change her life and get out of her profession. However, the history of her mother’s life haunts her, encapsulating her in fear that she might never achieve the normal life that she wanted. A courtesan who pleases out of duty, the film focused on making her worthy of marriage. The scene where Salim renamed her as Pakeezah provided her the status that she is still worthy of being a wife despite of being a courtesan. She can be said as someone who subsequently gives in to the cruel prejudices of society.By refusing Salim’s offer of marriage, Sahibjaan continues to be a possession of the public, denying herself the happiness that she wanted to be rescued by the one man she loves. Nonetheless, both women have exuded strength when it comes to making choices. Though the y have been portrayed as weak for love and for rescue, they have made decisions which in their knowledge can deprive them of the happiness that they want. In society, since courtesans are made to please the world, sacrificing their own personal interests is a part of their duty.Thus, their role as a public commodity strips them off the right to be part of the private sphere, which includes the family. The courtesans of Indian cinema maybe considered as the origin of independent women in Indian society. A courtesan is said to have â€Å"the courage to confront society, established morality, and the powers that be† (Kazmi, 1994, p. 231). That the courtesans in these films are the early embodiments of empowering women’s sexuality when it comes to breaking social norms, since in the conservative Indian nation courtesans or good women alike, are considered marginalized.Courtesans can be viewed as the mortal goddesses of the Indian society who can personify evil and goodness in how sexuality is perceived. References Feldman, M. , & Gordon, B. (2006). The Courtesan’s Art. New York: Oxford University Press. Kazmi, F. (1994). Muslim Socials and the Female Protagonist: Seeing a Dominant Discourse at Work. In Forging Identities: Gender, Communities, and the State, (pp. 226-243). Zoya, H. (Ed. ). New Delhi: Kali for Women. Nair, P. K. (2002). â€Å"The Devdas Syndrome in Indian Cinema. † Cinemaya 56/57, Autumn/Winter : 827.

Big Five Personality And Adolescents Daily Development Psychology Essay

Big Five Personality And Adolescents Daily Development Psychology Essay According to J. Belsky’s (1984) process model of parenting, both adolescents’ and parents’ personality should exert a significant impact on the quality of their mutual relationship. Using multi-informant, symmetric data on the Big Five personality traits and the relationship quality of mothers, fathers, and two adolescent children, the current study set out to test this prediction. Adolescents’ agreeableness and parents’ extraversion emerged as predictors of relationship warmth, whereas parents’ openness emerged as a predictor of low restrictive control. In addition, some gender-specific effects emerged. Overall, parents’ and adolescents’ traits equally predicted the amount of relationship warmth, whereas adolescents’ unique personality more strongly predicted the amount of restrictive control. The predictive power of adolescents’ personality increased with age. Personality characteristics that affected relationsh ip quality were partly shared between parents and their adolescent children. Findings support Belsky’s (1984) notion that both parents’ and children’s personality predict the quality of their mutual relationship, though the relative predictive power of children and parents depends on the type of outcome variable and the age of the children. (Denissen, J. J. A., van Aken, M. A. G. & Dubas, J. S. (2009). Introduction According to Schults& Schults (2009), there are 5 factors contained in McCrae and Costa’s big five personality factors. They are Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. In short, it can be called OCEAN. Each alphabet represents one factor. According to McCrae and Costa’s theory, a neurotic may show that one is worried, insecure, and nervous. As for extraverts, they may portray that they are sociable, able to mix-around, and talkative. For those who are open to experience, they are creative and daring in pursuing anything that interests them. A person that is agreeable, he or she is basically good-natured, easy-going towards others and softhearted. Lastly, people with conscientiousness portray that they are careful, both reliable and hardworking. Aim of Research paper The aim of this paper is to know the big five personality development or five factor models that affects adolescence. Besides that, by using the OCEAN theory, in what way can we understand adolescence? Therefore, we will be studying the big five theory that affects the relationships between adolescence and their parents, exploring how maturity in them (adolescence) affect themselves and the surrounding, and the link between empathy and big 5 links with adolescence. Because of parents are involved in one of the study, we will be exploring a little on big five development have on adults. However, it is important to note that the main focus will be on adolescence. Empathy and big 5 personality in adolescence Empathy is a ssociated as tools for controlling aggression in adolescence. In today’s personality research, the five factor model is considered to be dominant, with lots of it being applied. According to the findings obtained, empathy and friendliness has large correlation. In other words, it refers to male and female, boys and girls. There is also positive correlation with conscientiousness, energy, and openness to experience has also been observed. There are about 832 children aged between 12-17 years old participated in the study. It was composed of 408 boys and 424 girls. Questionnaires were distributed in the classroom and administered by a certified psychologist. As for the measurements, The Spanish version of Bryant’s empathy Index for children and adolescents and Big Five Questionnaire were given to them. (Barrio, V. D., Anton, A. & Garcia L. F. 2004)

Basic Attributes of Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Basic Attributes of Organizations - Essay Example Being headquartered in the United States which is recognized as one of the wealthiest nations in the world, its operation is focused overseas especially on the developing nations in Asia and Africa. However, in the case of the relief after the hurricane Katrina, it obviously bypassed these beneficiaries by collecting and channeling fund domestically. According to LWR's parish project associate Brenda Meier, "Historically, Lutheran World Relief has focused on emergency response overseas, but, given the unprecedented nature of Hurricane Katrina, we feel that it is appropriate to make a rare exception and distribute the items domestically" (Lutheran World Relief 3). As stated above, LWR is headquartered in the Northern America with global operations divided into three geographical regions namely Africa, Asia and Middle East, and Latin America (Lutheran World Relief 1).

Mozart influence on Freemasonry and in the Impact on Social Change Research Paper

Mozart influence on Freemasonry and in the Impact on Social Change - Research Paper Example In this aristocracy, he longed to serve an aristocratic society that heavily underappreciated and even failed, most of the time, to appreciate him for who he was. The only place that he appears to have made significant change in the course of his life was Prague, where the society seems to worship him to date, as he seemed to inspire a sense of understanding amongst the people of Prague, who had an intense liking for him and his works. In relation to his life in Prague and the status, he managed to achieve in life, as well as in death, has seen him change the society in that the society there appreciated him by gaining an understanding of him and his struggles throughout his career in Austria, as well as appreciating aristocracy. With this in mind, his background plays a crucial role in comprehending how his influence on society came into being, especially to the people of Prague who respected him and were transformed by him, by virtue of understanding him, his past, and his struggle s. On his background, he was born as a child prodigy who was expected to carry forth the legend of his father, who repeatedly worked towards the success of his children. With this in mind, the people that understood him looked at him as a person under pressure to endure that he did not disappoint his father, in that he was even a born musical genius s and composer (â€Å"Let’s go Mozart† 4). This made his story heavily romanticized over time and to date has continued to shape society on its right by having people believe in his tragic. This is especially so I the concept of believing in oneself, where there are numerous analogies and legends, as well as myths that refer to the life of Mozart and aim at inspiring the society that one can make it in life (Gay, 1). In addition, scholars have even referred to the life of Mozart in relation to appreciation of music, by ensuring that certain societies that were

Shakespeare in the Bush Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Shakespeare in the Bush - Essay Example The tribal head, in the end, points out that the story has some loopholes and advises her that they should get guidance from them or their own elders to make the story of Hamlet more meaningful. Laura, a professor of anthropology is living among the people an Africa tribe for some research project. The people there remained busy in their ceremonies while the writer spent time in reading Hamlet. The writer used to go to their huts and drank beer with them and talked to them. Once the old man of the tribe showed curiosity in the â€Å" papers† read by the writer and asked them to tell the story she was reading. The writer told them the story of the Hamlet and during the rendition of the story it dawned upon Laura that it was difficult to communicate some concepts to these tribesmen as the concepts of â€Å" King† and â€Å" ghost† were alien to them and they were satisfied instead with the their own terms like â€Å" chief† and â€Å" witch† to interpret these concepts. Although the writer knew that the use of these words may change the connotations of the story but she had no other way. Furthermore, Hamlet’s reaction at the remarriag e of his mother was strange to them as in their culture it was a common practice and they saw no wickedness in Claudius’ acceding to throne and marrying Gertrude. Old man also thought that Ophelia must have killed by Laertes as a result of some witchcraft and they were also surprised at the fact that Polonius did not reveal his identity while hiding behind the arras. The Old man without embarrassing the writer makes her realize that there were certain flaws in the story and she should take the advice of the elders of her community to access to the true meaning of the story. Thus in the end the writer comes to know that the idea of universality of literature is somewhat baseless as every culture has its own ways of interpretation of stories and there could be more than one meaning to a story like

Discuss the impact of British colonial rule, and in particular the Essay

Discuss the impact of British colonial rule, and in particular the regulations regarding witchcraft accusations and oracles, on the framing and methods of Evans - Essay Example Most of the world’s knowledge of witchcraft during that period and beyond in fact came down from Western Europe, where it was believed that many people practiced witchcraft, something considered evil and frightening. Scholars believe that witchcraft in Europe was part of a very ancient religion that existed long before Christianity. Thousands of witch trials were held there at which people were accused of witchcraft. These witch trials were later replicated in massive proportions in Salem, Massachussets in the US, another former British colony, where suspected witches were hanged and burned at the stake. So it must have been nothing new for the British to come upon the practice of witchcraft in many African territories that they colonized. Much like their forbears in the Middle Ages, their reaction to witchcraft in Africa was one of fear followed by a desire to persecute and eliminate the source of that fear. This is exactly what the British tried to do in Azande, a territory that straddles the boundaries of Sudan, Zaire and the Central African Republic. Under the 1899 Anglo-French Convention, the French who competed and fought with the British in Africa ceded the Azande to the British. Forthwith, the British established a military outpost there which military occupation gave way to civil administration in 1920. The Azandes lived in the watershed area between the Nile and Congo rivers to which they were resettled from the wilderness by the British after the first World War. They never returned to the jungles. When the British gave Azande some independence, it set up a civil service system manned by career people generally from the upper classes in England. A British colonial governor and a legislative council ruled the territory alongside the native chieftains. One of the first steps taken

Business Organization and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Organization and Management - Essay Example For a better communication, a sender receiver, medium and message, all are very essential. The message must be structured in the mind of the sender and he must choose a medium before sending it. Communication is, always has been, and always will be one of the most pre-eminent skills of management. Because of electronic communication and widely spread teams related to business settings, good communication is often more difficult. There are weaknesses in terms of telephonic communications as well as face-to-face communications. Emails and facsimiles are a fast way of communication but they are also with some problems. The management feels that they are in need of good communication skills so that they can get awareness to their staff’s problems and their views regarding the organization. The management can improve the communication process by following the recommended steps for establishing an effective communication between managers and employees. Effective communication is very significant for success and good reputation of the company. Successful communication results in developing good relationships between the employers and employees, between the consumers and the sellers. Good and effective communication helps the better co-ordination and efficient control. It results in clear understanding, good production, healthy climate within the organization, willing co-operation among the various levels of management and general good will (Butterfield, et. al 65). It always brings good dividend. Because of effective communication, the businesspersons can communicate effectively and successfully. Effective communication is a part of good communication. Effectiveness means better response, ideal co-ordination with the aims and objectives of organization and greater adaptability to change (Ellinor and Gerard 31). Communication is a tool of management that plays a key role in decision-making. The greater is the organization, the greater is the role of

Parity theories analyse and operation in the global economy Essay

Parity theories analyse and operation in the global economy - Essay Example Another theory that advances a notion of equalization or parity is the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. The Hecksher-Ohlin theory is composed of two theorems. The first theorem explains and predicts comparative advantage. Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage assumes but do not explain comparative advantage. The Heckscher-Ohlin Theory’s, particularly the first theorem of the theory, explains comparative advantage to be rooted the in relative factor abundance between nations. The second theorem of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory holds that when there are no restrictions to trade, there will be relative as well as absolute factor price equalisation. Factors of production are land, labour, and capital. The Heckscher-Ohlin asserts, however, that the theory is applicable for labour and capital. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory asserts that with trade liberalisation, mobility of goods can substitute for the mobility of factors and, because of this, relative and absolute factor price equalisa tion will be realized. ... that interest rates will move to parity as interest rates reflect the price of capital which is one of the factors of production and, based on Heckscher-Ohlin theory, mobility of goods substitutes for the mobility of factors and, thus, interest rates also move to parity. II. A main argument against parity theories: markets do not clear There are at least two major areas of the debate on the parity theories. One area of debates is whether markets really move towards equilibrium. Another area of the debate is on the empirical validity of the parity theories: the theories may appear logical but the predictions of the theories and/or their assumptions are not in accord with the situation in the real world. In other words, there are arguments that the theories may be logically constructed but they may not be empirically valid. We discuss empirical validity in the succeeding section and discuss in this section why some economists and critics do not believe why markets do not move towards e quilibrium. The perspective or assertion that markets clear is the more conventional and standard assumption in economics. This view is called the classical view (the more modern variants of this view are the neo-classical and new classical perspectives in economics). The classical view is the theory or perspective that is one of the most important building blocks in many theories of economics. However, another perspective that is also conventional but which has a less following in economics today is the Keynesian perspective.1 One variant of the Keynesian perspective asserts that markets do not clear because there are several obstacles to market clearing. It is a perspective that has a significant following and influence among economists. According to this variant of the Keynesian

Effects of Verbal Communication Essay Example for Free

Effects of Verbal Communication Essay Verbal Communication Communication of all types can be found everywhere. It does not necessarily have to be spoken or oral, it can be found in verbal and nonverbal forms. This is especially true in the areas of the criminal justice system. Communications can be found in equipment, reports, phones, in roll call, or everyday operations. For police officers and other members of the criminal justice system, communication in some form or type can always be certain. It may be in the form of verbal communication, such as roll call, talking with the public, talking to peers, inmates, administration, or supervisors. It is said that nearly 70 percent of one’s time is spent communicating (2009). Officers or those appointed by the department, talk to the media on a daily basis. Whether it is the television, the newspaper reporters, or the radio, it is on a daily basis. For law enforcement officials there is the need to communicate with the press from time to time. This could be to talk about public affairs, providing information about a situation that the police are involved in, or to make announcements. It is common in most areas that law enforcement appoints a spokesperson for the department. This person chosen represents the community and the department, along with all officers. This person must have the intelligence and the ability to speak clearly and in a concise manner, and have the ability to understand questions if asked. He or she should have some clear understanding of what the media only needs to hear. One way to assure this is to him or her draft a statement, before making the announcement to the press. When drafting the announcement and when reading the announcement, the person should avoid using what is called police jargon or codes. Using such language can be confusing to the general public and may cause confusion with the press. When talking to the press he or she should be able to avoid being distracted and should keep eye contact with those who he or she are talking to. Nonverbal communication between the press and officers can also have a confusing effect at time. â€Å"Sometimes nonverbal messages may contradict verbal; often they may express true feelings more accurately than the spoken or written language (Murphy Hildebrandt). For nonverbal communication, the situations that he or she may want to be careful with can include the stance. There should be no slouching or leaning on the podium. This gives an appearance of the press seeing that he or she either does not want to be there or it could show disinterest. The spokesperson choose vocabulary carefully also. He or she may want to use a friendly tone also, and avoid using emotions during the press release. This must remember that the press usually ahs cameras somewhere that records everything that is said verbally and nonverbally, which may cause some confusion. The courtroom is another place that communication is done daily. Within this setting the law enforcement officer or other personnel, may be called to testify for the prosecutor. Communication in the courtroom setting for police, prosecutors, defense, the suspect, judge and jury, all play a crucial part. The officer when called to testify, should have the ability to understand the questions clearly, is able to listen effectively, and be able to explain the facts written in his or her report. The affidavit is based on the facts that have been written in the officers’ incident report. There may be situations or times when an officer feels uncomfortable, while sitting or standing in a group of other people. Or he or she may fill uncomfortable when having to be in front of the others in the courtroom. The officer should never let emotions or nonverbal cues cloud his or her testimony. During cross-examine; the reputation of the officer could be misinterpreted. Before testimony officers should try to talk to the prosecutor to learn what to expect. He or she may want to practice the testimony also. Being able to communicate verbally and use less nonverbal cues like emotions, could make the difference in the testimony. When testifying the officer should be able to answer in a clear and audible voice with recalling or stating just the facts. He or she may also want to remember to present themselves as a professional and to look and act as one. Not only is his or her reputation at stake, but the department also. For law enforcement personnel who work inside the correctional facility, communication techniques can be a critical part of the job. Officers must be able to talk to their peers, and inmates. The ability to be an active listener, understand, read and write clearly and to follow verbal and nonverbal orders are very important. There may be issues at time among inmates that may cause a barrier of communication. Some of these barriers could include the disruptive inmate, a language barrier, such as a foreign language or a deaf person. There may be the inmate that may cause tension between the officers and others. There are many factors to consider on how to communicate within the correctional setting. There is the use of daily reports that must be filled out by officers. There has to be a clear understanding by the officers and other employees of operating procedures. Incident reports that are fact based must be filled out by officers involved. As with police the correctional officer must also confront inmates and vice versa. The officer should at all times be careful of the nonverbal clues used. This would include his or her emotions at the time, the way he or she stands, or the tone of voice. Most correctional officers are trained on the use of verbal and nonverbal methods of communications before being assigned to the facility (2010). For the peer to peer communication the officer must be able to understand the assignment given, whether it is verbal or nonverbal communications. Assignments are usually given at the beginning of the shift, and it is the responsibility of the officer and peer to have a clear understanding of what it is. If the officer does not understand it is his or her responsibility to ask questions. Another form of peer to peer is among the officers themselves. Communication is a key role inside of the correctional facility when working with the inmates. He or she should be able to understand clearly the instructions that pertain to an inmate or surroundings. He or she must be able to read nonverbal cues from other officers and to be able to read nonverbal cues from the inmates. Within the Juvenile facility, there is a great need for communication of nonverbal and verbal. Like any other facility the officers must be able to understand the importance of filing out the report, whether it be an incident, daily, or new arrival. Each officer must have the intelligence and ability to be able to communicate with a juvenile in custody. Like inmates in the adult correctional setting, juveniles may also become belligerent at times and want to cause problems. The officer must be able to talk with the juvenile as well as be able to listen. Officers must also be able to read the nonverbal cues that are given by the inmates. These could include actions such as throwing of things, language, the stance, eye contact, vocal sounds, and emotions such as anger, sadness and more. Juveniles have a language that seems to be something that they have learned. Most people call it street slang and signs. Most officers are provided continuing training on problems involving juveniles, as well as training to understand the signs and slang used by them. For Officers and other employees of the juvenile facility there is the need to understand clearly the written reports, the operational procedures, releasing of information to outside agencies and families and the ability to talk clearly to peers. Officers and other employees may be called on to answer questions over the phone, concerning a juvenile. They may have to work on computers, and other equipment, or spend hours doing paperwork. This is all an important part of communicating within the facility. When an officer’s peer assigns the officer to a certain department in the facility the officer must have a clear understanding of what is expected of him or her at the time. The one way for the officer to make certain of the assignment, is to ask the needed questions if any should arise. The officer must be able to take orders on a continuous basis and be able to understand the details. When working with other officers there has to be a clear line of communication between the officers. Nonverbal cues, as with any other law enforcement facility should be easily read. The officer must have the ability to do so, in case something should happen. These nonverbal cues could be eye contact, a facial expression, or a nudge, or a physical gesture such as the wave of a hand. As with any other situation officers that work in a juvenile facility must show professionalism and act accordingly. The officer must be careful when using nonverbal communication. These include keeping the emotions from getting away from him or her, keeping the tone of his or her voice from becoming too loud, watching the stance and posture when talking to other employees, inmates, and peers. Communication can be seen in many different forms. These can include fact based reports by law enforcement officers, correctional officers, reports to the press or other media, juvenile facilities and courtrooms. There may be barriers for the officers at times, such as language, ineffective listening, a misunderstanding, or miscommunication. Whatever the reason, for one to communicate properly there must be the ability to understand, listen actively, ask questions when needed, and to speak clearly when asked to. For law enforcement and others in the criminal justice system the need to recognize nonverbal communication is essential. An officer must be able to identify cues given by a suspect, or by an inmate in custody. The law enforcement official should always act and speak in a professional matter when facing the public or fellow workers and supervisors or administrators. He or she must remember that they represent not only themselves but the departments and states they reside in. Effective communication is the key to an effective organization such as the criminal justice system.

Mixed-Ligands Complexes of L-Amino Acid and Ascorbic Acid

Mixed-Ligands Complexes of L-Amino Acid and Ascorbic Acid Electrochemical Studies of Mixed-Ligands Complexes of L-Amino acid and Ascorbic acid by Voltammetric Technique Meena* and O.D. Gupta ABSTRACT Studies of Pb(II) with amino acid L-Serine and Ascorbic acid have been carried out polarographically at pH =7.30 ±0.01,  µ=1.0M KNO3 at 25 °C.Pb(II) formed 1:1:1, 1:1:2 and 1:2:1 complexes with L-Serine and used as primary ligands and L- Ascorbic acid used as secondary ligand.. The values of stability constants (log varied from 2.25 to 11.45 confirm amino acids in combination with L-Ascorbic acid, their complexes could be used against Pb(II) toxicity. The stability constants of mixed ligand complexes have been evaluated by the method of Schaap and McMasters. For the comparison of the simple and mixed-ligands complexes, the mixing constants (Km) and stabilization constants (Ks) have been measured. The positive values of the mixing constants and stabilization constants show that the ternary complexes are more stable than the binary complexes. Keyword: Polarography, Stability Constant, Amino acids, Ascorbic acid, Voltammetric Technique. INTRODUCTION The L-amino acids and their compounds are used in biology, pharmacy, industry and laboratory reagent1-3. They control transamination, decarboxylation and metabolism process in human body. Mixed-ligands complexes of copper glycine with picolinic acid, quinaldinic acid, picolinic acid N-oxide, quinaldinic acid-N-oxide and with o-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol have been carried out by D Prakash and coworkers [4-5]. The study of ternary complexes of different metal ions with amino acids and bicarboxylic acids have been carried out by Chandel et al.[6-9] On the other hand Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is found naturally in a wide variety of plants and animals but not produced in human body and its only source is from diet10, L-Ascorbic acid is important drug used against cancer, scurvy and the risk of bronchitis or wheezing11-13. This drug helps the patient to strengthen the immune system. The person who suffered from AIDS has low concentration of Vitamin-C which is responsible for the form ation of various body components and organs but also keeps in order the immune system14-15. Its deficiency causes anemia, dental cavities and thyroid insufficiency. It forms chelate complexes with transition metal ions16 to produce a five membered ring with the enediol part of the molecule17. Pb(II) content is fixed in human body but whenever the concentration of Pb(II) increases, the human being suffers from severe diseases like cancer of the bladder, breast, intestine, leukemia system and sometimes death can also occur. Ascorbic acid is antioxidant alone and in combination with L-amino acids was found to be effective by increasing urinary elimination of lead. This beneficial role of Ascorbic acid was attributed to form complexes with lead18. Data suggest that some antioxidant can function as chelators and this dual benefit makes them strong candidates for treating lead poisioning19. The present study is related with the formation of binary and ternary complexes of Pb(II) with selected L-amino acids and Ascorbic acid by polarographic technique with the view that these drugs or metal complexes could be used against several severe diseases like cancer, AIDS and also metal toxicity. EXPERIMENTAL All polarograms were recorded on ELICO CL 375 DC Polarograph using a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference electrode and a platinum (Pt) electrode as counter electrode. The capillary had the following characteristics m=1.96 mg/s, t = 4.10 sec/drop and h = 40 cm. The reagents Vitamin C and amino acids were of AR grade and were used as complexing agents. KCl was used as supporting electrolyte to maintain the ionic strength at 1M. Triton X-100 of 0.001% in the final solution has been used as maximum suppressor. The temperature was maintained constant at 303 K. A glass cell is used as electrolytic cell in which all the three electrodes are immersed in test solution. N2 is used to remove the dissolved oxygen. Then increasing voltage was applied to record the current and with the help of the plot between current-voltage (polarogram) the value of E1/2 is calculated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Simple complex systems Before the studies of mixed-ligand, complexes, the formation constants of the complexes of lead with Vitamin C and lead with amino acid L-Serine and were determined by the method of DeFord and Hume25. The results are in good agreement with the literature. The values of formation constants of simple systems are presented in Table 1. The conditions corresponded as closely as possible to those for the mixed system. The half-wave potential of Pb(II) for each series ranged between -0.389 and -0.391 volt v/s SCE. Table 1: Stability constants for simple system Systems log à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢1 log à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢2 log à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢3 Pb(II)-VitaminC 2.25 3.18 Pb(II)-L-Serine 4.59 7.88 10.99 Mixed-Ligands Complex System In all the systems, solution containing 2.5 x 10-3 M Pb(II), 1M KC1 and 0.001% Triton X-100 was used. The concentration of weaker ligand (Vitamin C) was kept constant (0.001M and 0.01M) while varying the concentration of strong ligand (amino acids) in each case. In each case, a single well-defined wave was obtained. The plots of Ede v/s log id-i were linear with a slope of 30 ±2mV, showing that the two electrons reduction was reversible. The direct proportionality of the diffusion current to the mercury column indicated that the reduction was entirely diffusion controlled. A shift in half-wave potential to more negative side with the increase in amino acid concentration was observed. This shift in half-wave potential is greater in the presence of the weaker ligand than its absence. It signified mixed-ligands complex formation. The extended Shaap and McMasters26 treatment was applied and Ledens27 graphical extrapolation method to calculate the values of A, B, C and D. Data of calculation are given in table 2. Table 2: Values of A, B, C and D for Pb(11)-Ascorbic acid- Amino acids systems (Ascorbic acid concentration = 0.01M(fixed) System A B C D Pb(II)-Vitamin C-L-Serine 1.32 5.11 9.56 11.22 Table 3: Values of A, B, C and D for Pb(II)-Ascorbic acid Amino acids systems (Ascorbic acid concentration = 0.001M(fixed) System A B C D Pb(II)-Vitamin C-L-Serine 1.30 4.61 9.56 11.22 The stability constants à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢11 and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢12 were evaluated from the two values of B. From the values of C two values of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢21 were obtained which are in good agreement with each other. à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢30 is almost equal to D. The results are recorded in table 4 and the results are summarized in the form of schemes 1 and 2 where the numerical values indicate the log of the equilibrium constants. Table 4: Formation Constants of Mixed-Ligands Systems Systems log ÃŽ ²11 log ÃŽ ²12 log ÃŽ ²21 Pb(II)-Vitamin C-L-Serine 6.23 8.88 11.56 It has been observed that as the size of amino acids increased the stability of its complexes decreased20. The stability of L-amino acids complex also depends upon the chelate ring formation and basicities of ligands21. In case of L-serine and L-threonine, the stability of the latter is less than the L-serine complex owing to the fact that electron withdrawing OH group is nearer to L-threoninate complex than L-serinate complex, causing greater repulsive forces between metal and Off group in L ­-threonine complexes than L-serine complexes22. The same is evident from Pka values of L-amino acids23. In case of Vitamin-C, oxygen of enediol group may take part in bond formation with Pb(II), formed a five membered ring24. It is clear from the values of stability constant of the complexes that Vitamin-C and L-amino acids alone or in combination could be used to reduce the toxicity of Pb(II) in-vivo. One also has to consider the quantity of drugs that should not complex to the other essenti al metals present in-vivo and the same could be excreted easily from the body. On the other hand, the person who suffers from AIDS has low concentration of Vitamin-C, therefore his resistance can be increased by ascorbic acid therapy. The mixed ligands complex formation may also be explained with the help of schemes 1. The tendency to add X (X= amino acids) to PbX and PbY (Y=Vitamin C) can be compared. The logarithm values of stability constants of the above complexes are 3.29 and 3.98 for Pb ­-VitaminC-L-Serine. The tendency to add Y to PbX and PbY can also be compared. The log K values are (1.64, 0.93) and (1.47, 0.93) for Pb(II)-Vitamin C-L-Serine. This indicates that the addition of Vitamin C is preferred to Pb(amino acids) as compared to Pb(Vitamin C). The log K values for the addition of X to Pb[XY] and Pb[Y]2 are (5.33, 5.70) and (5.47, 5.58). This indicates that the mixed ligand complexation is favoured. The log K values for the addition of Y to Pb[XY] and Pb[X]2 are (2.65, 3.68) and (2.78, 3.65) for Pb(II)-Vitamin C-L-Serine and. This indicates that addition of VitaminC is preferred to Pb[X]2 over Pb[XY]. For comparing the stabilities of simple and mixed ligand complexes, it is convenient to measure the mixing constants. Km = and the stabilization constants. log Ks = log Km log2 The log Km values are 0.7 and o.49 and log Ks values are 0.398 and 0.188 for Pb(II)-Vitamin C-L-Serine and Pb(II)-Vitamin C-L-Threonine systems respectively. The positive values of mixing and stabilization constants show that the ternary complexes are more stable than the binary complexes. The tendency to form mixed-lingds complexes in solution could be expressed quantitatively in other approach compares the difference in stability (à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K), which is the result from the substraction of two constants and must therefore, be a constant. This corresponds to: à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K = Since more coordination positions are available for the bonding of the ligand [A] to a given multivalent metal ion,than for the second ligand [B]. > Usually holds i.e. one expects to observe negative values for à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K. Another more satisfactory, manner is to determine statistical values for à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K. The statistical values for regular octahedron (oh) is 5/12 and à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾log Koh = -0.4. for a squar planer(sp), the value of à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K = -0.6 and for the distorted octahedron (oh), the statistical values i.e. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K = lie between -0.9 to -0.3. The à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K values can be obtained using the following equations: à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K11=log à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢11-( log à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢10 +log à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢01 ) à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K12=log à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢12-( log à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢10 +log à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢02 ) à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K21=log à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢21-(log à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢20 +log à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢01 ) The observed values of à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K11, à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K12 and à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K21 are -0.61, 1.11 and 1.430 for Pb(II)-Vitamin C-L-Serine. The à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ log K values are higher than statistical values, which again prove that the ternary complexes are more stable than expected from statistical reason. ACTNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur for providing facilities to carry out this research. REFERENCES + Chemistry Department, SKIT, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India-302025 Brosnan J, Nutr. J (2000) 130: 988S. Pisarewicz K, Mora D, Pflueger F, Fields G, Mari F, (2005) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127: 6207. Wu G, Fang Y, Yang S, Lupton J, Turner N (2004) Nutr. J 134: 489. Prakash D, Shafyat M, Jamal A, Gupta AK (2005) Oriental J Chem 21:2. Prakash D, Safayat M, Jamal A, Gupta A K (2005) Oriental J Chem 21:3. Malhotra V, Chandel C P S, (2006) J Ultra Scientist Phy-Sci 18(2): 203-214. Jangid R K, Chandel C P S (2006) Ultra Chemist 2(2): 113-126. Verma M K, Chandel C P S, (2005) Oriental J Chem 21(1): 9-20. Malhotra V and Chandel C P S, (2006) Bull Electrochem 22: 301. Davies M B, Partridge D A and Austine J , Vitamin C: Its Chemistry and Biochemistry, Royal Society of Chemistry, London. (1991) Levine M, Rumsey S C, Wang Y, Park J B, Daruala R (2000) Biochemical and Physiological Aspects of Human Nutrition, Philadelphia, W B Saunders, p.541. Roomi M W, Ivanov V, Kalinovsky T, Niedzwiecki A, Rath M (2004) J Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 115. Martha H, Stipanuk W B (2000) Biochemical and physiological Aspects of Human Nutrition, Sounders Company. Fukuda S, (2005) J Curr Med Chem 12:2765. Harakeh S, Jariwalla R (1997)AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 13:237. Davies M B (1992) Polyhedron 11:285-321. Hughes D L (1973) J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 2711. Dhawan M, Kachru D N, Tondon S K, (1998) Arch Toxicol 62: 301-304. Gurer H, Ercal N (2000) Free radical Biol Med 29: 927-945. Kapoor R C, Agarawal B S Principles of polarography (1991) Wiley Eastern Ltd New Delhi 71. Dodke R, Khan F (1993) J Indian Chem Soc 70: 15. Vajhallya S, Khan F (1999) J Indian Chem Soc 76:294. Mrudula Rao B V, Swamy S J, Lingaish P (1985) Indian J Chem 24 : 887. Allen R N, Shukla M K, Leszczynski J (2006) Int J Quant Chem 106:2366. DeFord D, Hume D N (1951) J Am Chem Soc 73:5812. Schaap W B, Mc Master D L (1961) J Am Chem Soc 83: 4699. Lenden I (1941) J Phys Chem 188:160.

The Beatles :: Essay on The Beatles

The The English ROCK MUSIC group The Beatles gave the 1960s its characteristic musical flavor and had a profound influence on the course of popular music, equaled by few performers. The guitarists John Winston Lennon, b. Oct. 9, 1940; James Paul McCartney, b. June 18, 1942; and George Harrison, b. Feb. 25, 1943; and the drummer Ringo Starr, b. Richard Starkey, July 7, 1940, were all born and raised in Liverpool. Lennon and McCartney had played together in a group called The Quarrymen. With Harrison, they formed their own group, The Silver Beatles, in 1959, and Starr joined them in 1962. As The Beatles, they developed a local following in Liverpool clubs, and their first recordings, "Love Me Do" (1962) and "Please Please Me" (1963), quickly made them Britain's top rock group. Their early music was influenced by the American rock singers Chuck BERRY and Elvis PRESLEY, but they infused a hackneyed musical form with freshness, vitality, and wit. The release of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" in 1964 marked the beginning of the phenomenon known as "Beatlemania" in the United States. The Beatles' first U.S. tour aroused a universal mob adulation. Their concerts were scenes of mass worship, and their records sold in the millions. Their first film, the innovative A Hard Day's Night (1964), was received enthusiastically by a wide audience that included many who had never before listened to rock music. Composing their own material (Lennon and McCartney were the major creative forces), The Beatles established the precedent for other rock groups to play their own music. Experimenting with new musical forms, they produced an extraordinary variety of songs: the childishly simple "Yellow Submarine"; the bitter social commentary of "Eleanor Rigby"; parodies of earlier pop styles; new electronic sounds; and compositions that were scored for cellos, violins, trumpets, and sitars, as well as for conventional guitars and drums. Some enthusiasts cite the albums Rubber Soul (1965) and Revolver (1966) as the apex of Beatle art, although Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), perhaps the first rock album designed thematically as a single musical entity, is more generally considered their triumph. The group disbanded in 1970, after the release of their final album, Let It Be, and during the 1970s pursued individual careers. On Dec. 8, 1980, John Lennon was fatally shot outside his Manhattan apartment by Mark Chapman, a 25-year-old former mental patient who, earlier that same day, had asked Lennon for his autograph. Lennon's murder was universally mourned with an intensity of feeling usually inspired only by political and spiritual leaders. Bibliography: The Beatles Complete, 2

A Separate Peace Essay -- essays research papers

A Separate Peace Dealing with enemies has been a problem since the beginning of time. â€Å"I never killed anybody,† Gene had commented later in his life, â€Å"And I never developed an intense level of hatred for the enemy. Because my war ended before I ever put on a uniform, I was on active duty all my time at Devon; I killed my enemy there.† In A Separate Peace, by John Knowles, the value of dealing with enemies is shown by Gene, who was dealing with few human enemies, but his emotions created far greater rivals than any human could ever posses. One of the enemies that Gene created for himself was jealousy. Gene was jealous of everything about Finny. The openness which Finny possessed was one of these things which Gene envied. One incident of Finny’s openness was when he wore the pink shirt. By wearing this he was â€Å"symbolizing the first U.S. bombing in Europe.† Gene simply replied to the shirt by calling Finny â€Å"nuts,† but deep down inside Gene was jealous of Finny’s boldness. Another incident of Finny’s openness, or boldness is when he wore the school tie as a belt. Gene was anxiously waiting for Finny to get yelled at, but because of his openness he was able to talk his way out of getting into trouble. Finny claimed that he wore the tie as a belt because it represented â€Å"Devon in the War.† Again, Gene was envious of Finny’s openness to make up a story and â€Å"get away with everything.† Another one of Gene’s enemies is his anger. Alone, his anger is mild, but when mixed with his je...

TV Advertising and its Effect on Children Essay -- Television Media Pa

TV Advertising and its Effect on Children Today’s children are unique in many ways from previous generations, but perhaps the most influencing on our young children today is Television advertisements. "In 1997, the nation’s estimated 34 million children age 12 and under will have spent or influenced spending of a record $500 billion" (Horovitz 1997). There is obviously a great deal of interest in this subject, many books have been written, and many studies and reports done on the effects of TV advertising on children. In the following paragraphs we will look at some of the reasons why we advertise to children, some different positive and negative effects of TV advertisement on children, how people can cut through the hype of TV ads and pick good things for their children. Why Do We Advertise to Children? Today, everywhere we go we see some type of advertising. A sale at the supermarket or a billboard for a radio station, are two of the many forms of advertisement. Currently, advertisements that target children are very controversial. Marketers choose children because they can easily lure them in. Advertisers spent $105.97 billion in 1980. This number more than doubled in 2001 when it reached $230 billion (Laws, 2003). In the year 2000, the Census reported 105 million househ0olds in America, meaning advertisers spend an average of $2,190 on one household per year. Advertisers spend this much money because of television. The average child sees an estimate of more than 20,000 commercials every year - that works out to at least 55 commercials per day (Laws, 2003). Children will insist their parents purchase what they see or hear on television. In the 1960's, children had an influence on about $5 billion of their par... ...ront Outlook is Grim.† Advertising Age 72. 11 (2001) : 3 McDonald, Marci and Lavelle, Marianne. â€Å"Call it Kid-fluence.† U.S. News & World Report 131. 4 (2001) : 32 Pine, Karen J and Nash, Avril. â€Å"Dear Santa: The Effects of Television Advertising on Young Children.† International Journal of Behavioral Development 26. 6 (2002) : 529 The American Heritage College Dictionary. Boston: American Heritage, 2002 NYBOR,LLC (1996-2002) Available online: http://www.robynsnest.com/toysafety.htm. McNeal, James (2001). Quoted in McDonald M, Lavelle M. Call it kid-fluence. U.s. News & World Report, July 30, 2001, p.32.Strasburger, Victor C. (2001, June). Children and TV advertising: Nowhere to run, nowhere to hide. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 22, 185. Education Digest (2000, January). Junk-food marketing goes elementary. p, 32.

Predictable Crises of Adulthood by Gail Sheehy

The Trying Twenties In the text, Gail Sheehy describes the difficulties, as well as freedom, which twenty-somethings are presented with when they enter the adult world. The twenties is the period when one is eager to find his own way of life. Some choose to go to graduate school, some get married early and try out different jobs to see which suits them best, and some stay single and put their career first. Two impulses are at work during this period. One is to be set as early as possible; the other is to keep experimenting. A balance struck between the two determines what one's twenties will be like.People in their twenties have many â€Å"illusions† which fill them with enthusiasm in every effort they make. Illusions also bring will power. Young people don't usually have much money while the problems they face are endless, but with sturdy wills they can overcome any difficulty. Twenty-somethings also tend to believe there is only one true course in life, which cannot be alter ed. They are blind to other possibilities. Thus if they find any part of their personality not congruent with that course, they will regard it as undesirable and try to suppress it.They shape their character to fit the course they have chosen, instead of the other way round. They will rediscover those suppressed parts later in their forties. In the text of further reading, the same author continues to talk about the problems people are likely to face in their 30s through 50s. If one can pass through the midlife transition, he will find new purposes in life. But if one refuses to undergo such a transition, he will be disappointed about life which may turn him into a person reconciled to the situation. The motto at 50 might be â€Å"No more bullshit†. TextThe Trying Twenties confronts us with the question of how to take hold in the adult world. Incandescent with our energies, having outgrown the family and the formlessness of our transiting years, we are impatient to pour ourse lves into the exactly right form — our own way of living in the world. Or while looking for it, we want to try out some provisional form. For now we are not only trying to prove ourselves competent in the larger society but intensely aware of being on trial. Graduate student is a safe and familiar form for those who can afford it. Working toward a degree is something young eople already know how to do. It postpones having to prove oneself in the bigger, bullying arena. Very few Americans had such a privilege before World War II; they reached the jumping-off point by the tender age of 16 or 18 or 20 and had to make their move ready or not. But today, a quarter of a century is often spent before an individual is expected or expects himself to fix his life's course. Or more. Given the permissiveness to experiment, the prolonged schooling available, and the moratoria allowed, it is not unusual for an adventurer to be nearly 30 before firmly setting a course.Today, the seven-year spread of this stage seems commonly to be from the ages of 22 to 28. The tasks of this period are as enormous as they are exhilarating: To shape a dream, that vision of one's own possibilities in the world that will generate energy, aliveness, and hope. To prepare for a lifework. To find a mentor if possible. And to form the capacity for intimacy without losing in the process whatever constancy of self we have thus far assembled. The first test structure must be erected around the life we choose to try.One young man with vague aspirations of having his own creative enterprise, for instance, wasn't sure if his forte would be photography or cabinetmaking or architecture. There was no sponsor in sight; his parents worked for the telephone company. So he took a job with Ma Bell. He married and together with his wife decided to postpone children indefinitely. Once the structure was set, he could throw all his free-time energies into experimenting within it. Every weekend would find him b ehind a camera or building bookcases for friends, vigorously testing the various creative streaks that might lead him to a satisfying lifework.Singlehood can be a life structure of the twenties, too. The daughter of an ego-boosting father, taught to try anything she wished so long as she didn't bail out before reaching the top, decided to become a traveling publicist. That meant being free to move from city to city as better jobs opened up. The structure that best served her purpose was to remain unattached. She shared apartments and lived in women's hotels, having a wonderful time, until at 27 she landed the executive job of her dreams. â€Å"I had no feeling of rootlessness because each time I moved, the next job offered a higher status or salary.And in every city I traveled, I would look up old friends from college and meet them for dinner. That gave me a stabilizing influence. † At 30 — Shazam! The same woman was suddenly married and pregnant with twins. Surrounded by a totally new and unforeseen life structure, she was pleasantly baffled to find herself content. â€Å"I guess I was ready for a family without knowing it. † The Trying Twenties is one of the longer and more stable periods, stable, that is, in comparison with the rockier passages that lead to and exit from it.Although each nail driven into our first external life structure is tentative, a tryout, once we have made our commitments we are convinced they are the right ones. The momentum of exploring within the structure generally carries us through the twenties without a major disruption of it. One of the terrifying aspects of the twenties is the conviction that the choices we make are irrevocable. If we choose a graduate school or join a firm, get married or don't marry, move to the suburbs or forego travel abroad, decide against children or against a career, we fear in our marrow that we might have to live with that choice forever.It is largely a false fear. Change is not only possible; some alteration of our original choices is probably inevitable. But since in our twenties we're new at making major life choices, we cannot imagine that possibilities for a better integration will occur to us later on, when some inner growth has taken place. Two impulses, as always, are at work during this period. One is to build a firm, safe structure for the future by making strong commitments, to be set . Yet people who slip into a ready-made form without much self-examination are likely to find themselves following a locked-in pattern.The other urge is to explore and experiment, keeping any structure tentative and therefore easily reversible. Taken to the extreme by people who skip through their twenties from one trial job and one limited personal encounter to another, this becomes the transient pattern. The balance struck between these two impulses makes for differences in the way people pass through this period of provisional adulthood and largely determines the way we feel about ourselves at the end of it. The Power of Illusions However galvanizing our vision in the early twenties, it is far from being complete.Even while we are delighted to display our shiny new capacities, secret fears persist that we are not going to get away with it. Somebody is going to discover the imposter. To have seen the vivacious, 24-year-old junior executive at her work in a crack San Francisco public relations firm, one would probably not have guessed the trepidations underneath: â€Å"I realized that I had not grown up. I was amazed at how well I functioned at work. When clients would deal with me as an equal, I'd think, ‘I got away with it', but the feeling wasn't one of joy. It was terror that eventually they would find out I was just a child. Simply not equipped.The other half of the time, I would have tremendous confidence and arrogance about who I was — a hotshot out there accomplishing all sorts of things and everybody thinking I was so t errific. I was like two people. † Many of us are not consciously aware of such fears. With enough surface bravado to fool the people we meet, we fool ourselves as well. But the memory of formlessness is never far beneath. So we hasten to try on life's uniforms and possible partners, in search of the perfect fit. â€Å"Perfect† is that person we imbue with the capacity to enliven and support our vision or the person we believe in and want to help.Two centuries ago, a fictional young poet in Germany, torn by his hopeless passion for the â€Å"perfect† woman, drank a glass of wine, raised a pistol, and put a bullet through his head. It was a shot heard round the world. The lovelorn dropout who fired it was the hero of Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther, which contributed to the romantic movement that colors our expectations of love to this day. Goethe himself was a poet of 25 when he wrote the story. And like the fictional Werther, he suffered from an infat uation with a married woman, an unreachable woman, whose very mystery invited his fantasies of perfection.Goethe's hero struck such a chord in young people throughout Europe that a wave of suicides followed the book's publication. Today, as then, it's enlightening to speculate on the degree to which a young man invents his romanticized version of the loved woman. She may be seen as the magical chameleon who will be a mother when he needs it and in the next instant the child requiring his protection, as well as the seductress who proves his potency, the soother of anxieties (who shall have none of her own), the guarantor of his immortality through the conversion of his seed.And to what degree does the young woman invent the man she marries? She often sees in him possibilities that no one else recognizes and pictures herself within his dream as the one person who truly understands. Such illusions are the stuff of which the twenties are made. â€Å"Illusions† is usually thought of as a pejorative, something we should get rid of if we suspect we have it. The illusions of the twenties, however, may be essential to infuse our first commitments with excitement and intensity, and to sustain us in those commitments long enough to gain us some experience in living.The tasks before us are exciting, conflicting, and sometimes overwhelming, but of one thing most of us are certain in our twenties. Will power will overcome all. Money may be scarce, the loans and laundry endless. The evil bait of selling out may tempt the would-be doctor, writer, social worker. But clearly, or so it seems, we have only to apply our strong minds and sturdy wills to the wheel of life, and sooner or later our destiny will bend under our control. A self-deception? Yes, in large part. But also a most useful modus operandi at this stage.For if we didn't believe in the omnipotent force of our intelligence, if we were not convinced that we could will ourselves into being whatever kind of perso ns we wish to be, it wouldn't make much sense to try. Doubts immobilize. Believing that we are independent and competent enough to master the external tasks constantly fortifies us in our attempts to become so. Language Study 1. Incandescent with our energies, having outgrown the family and the formlessness of our transiting years, we are impatient to pour ourselves into the exactly right form-our own way of living in the world. . Full of energies, we don't rely on the family any more and are beginning to establish our own identity. We are eager to find a way of life that is most suited to us. 3. †¦they reached the jumping-off point by the tender age of 16 or 18 or 20 and had to make their move ready or not. 4. †¦They started to make a living as early as 16, 18 or 20, no matter whether they were ready or not. 5. The tasks of this period are as enormous as they are exhilarating. 6. Although the tasks of this period are immense, they are at the same time extremely exciting. 7.And to form the capacity for intimacy without losing in the process whatever constancy of self we have thus far assembled. 8. The young people should also learn how to love someone deeply though not to the point of losing their own identity they have established so far. 9. The daughter of an ego-boosting father taught to try anything she wished so long as she didn't bail out before reaching the top, decided to become a traveling publicist. 10. A girl, whose father encouraged her to do anything as long as she didn't give up until she succeeded, decided to become a publicist who would travel frequently. 1. The Trying Twenties is one of the longer and more stable periods, stable, that is, in comparison with the rockier passages that lead to and exit from it. 12. Compared with the other stages in life, the Trying Twenties is longer and more stable. It is more stable than the teenage period and the thirties. 13. Although each nail driven into our first external life structure is tentat ive, a tryout, once we have made our commitments we are convinced they are the right ones. 14.Although we are only experimenting when we do the things that may fix our life's course, we are confident enough to believe what we have done is always correct. 15. Yet people who slip into a ready-made form without much self-examination are likely to find themselves following a locked-in pattern. 16. Yet people who follow exactly in others' footsteps without considering whether it suits him may find that there is too little excitement in their life. 17. â€Å"Perfect† is that person we imbue with the capacity to enliven and support our vision or the person we believe in and want to help. 8. The â€Å"perfect† person is someone who stands by us and helps us realize our dreams, or it is someone we trust and want to help. 19. And like the fictional Werther, he suffered from an infatuation with a married woman, an unreachable woman, whose very mystery invited his fantasies of per fection. 20. And just like the character Werther he created in the novel, Goethe suffered from his love with a married woman. He could never get this woman and didn't really know her very well, but that made him imagine the woman to be perfect 21.That the parental figures, unknowingly internalized as our guardians, provoke the very feelings of safety that allow us to dare all these great firsts of the twenties. They are also the inner dictators that hold us back. 22. Our parents, whom we deem as our protectors and guides without consciously being aware of it, give us a sense of safety which fills us with the courage to face up to the challenges of the twenties. 23. She may be seen as†¦the guarantor of his immortality through the conversion of his seed. 24.She can be regarded as someone who guarantees the man's immortality by bearing him children. 25. Well into our forties, we will still be dredging up exactly those suppressed parts we are now making every effort to ignore. 26. When we are in our forties, we will rediscover and expose the parts of our personality that we find undesirable and try to suppress now. 27. That the parental figures, unknowingly internalized as our guardians, provoke the very feelings of safety that allow us to dare all these great firsts of the twenties.They are also the inner dictators that hold us back. 28. Our parents, whom we deem as our protectors and guides without consciously being aware of it, give us a sense of safety which fills us with the courage to face up to the challenges of the twenties. 29. Well into our forties, we will still be dredging up exactly those suppressed parts we are now making every effort to ignore. 30. When we are in our forties, we will rediscover and expose the parts of our personality that we find undesirable and try to suppress now.

Leasing Research Paper Essay

A lease is a contract written between two people one of whom is the owner of a property lending it to another party who uses it and gives financial compensation for the exchange. There are many different types of lease arrangements for property. They include full service, net, percentage, and gross leases (Lank, 2003). Â  To begin with, full service lease is mostly used by tenants who use multi-tenant office buildings where the landlord provides all essential services to his or her lessee (Kennedy, 2005). Such landlord-provided services include water as well as security. Another kind of lease is the gross lease whereby the tenant pays for the gross rent but the landlord pays for the maintenance, insurance, and also the property costs (Steingold & Steingold, 2010). Conversely, the net lease is implemented whereby the tenant takes responsibility for all expenses and amenities which he or she needs to use in the running of his or her business (Peca, 2009). On the other hand, percentage lease plays out when the tenant pays a percentage of the gross revenue (Tamper, 2002). Further, when calculating the gross revenue, one has to deduct all the items that might overstate one’s revenue, for example, items that may overstate sales. There are other lease terms which need to be taken into consideration when entering into a contract related to a lease property. They include lease hold improvements which, if overlooked, can ultimately be very expensive. Knowledge of these issues ensures that the landlord makes any necessary renovations or else leave it open for the tenant to improve for himself or herself, as per certain guidelines and restrictions. In addition, the lease length matters since the duration depends on the landlord, all the amenities offered, as well as the tenant. The advantages of leasing building, medical equipment, and office furniture and equipment include: – Flexibility, when we lease a building, there is room to relocate to another area which suits our provision of medical services to the people. This arrangement can enable us to shift our services to a place where we can access more customers than if we built it in a place where there is low demand for our services. Moreover, there are few responsibilities attached to the management since most of the responsibilities are passed onto the land lords, thus increasing the turnover. Conversely, there is less tax paperwork since the income tax will be simpler to file. This is because building owners normally have very many forms to fill which will not be present in leasing. When we want to run the business without affecting the cash flow, it will be more beneficial to preserve the cash flow by leasing equipment rather than buying them since high initial capital is required to purchase the medical equipment. Further, when we lease equipment, it helps to maintain and build a strong credit background which helps to expand the working capital through smaller initial investment (Haight & Singer, 2005). Further, such an initiative helps in reduction of tax since one does not pay tax on the leased properties. In turn, this helps the business to regain money spent on regular expenses which are adjusted to increase credits and deductions. Lease of property allows business operators to satisfy the business needs on the allotted budget which is more flexible than when purchasing a commodity. Leasing agents always try to please their customers and thus always offer upgrades. The initial capital of upgrading your equipment is therefore highly minimized since one does not purchase them but the leasing agent improves his equipment. This allows one to use improved equipment. The cost of purchasing equipment is spread over a long period of time. After leasing the equipment, it is still owned by the leassor thus one has security of their money, therefore making one to have a credit check pass rather than other forms of finance. A lease contract is always fixed, therefore making it easier to budget. The major disadvantages of leasing property are that there is no ownership of property or equipment. One cannot thus upgrade his or her equipment to improve the performance of one’s office. If the equipment becomes outdated, one cannot sell or discard them without paying much money so as to cancel the contract. The purchase of the equipment may be very hard since it may be difficult to arrange for the purchase which is not simple. Rather, arranging for the purchase of the mostly very expensive items is easier. Sometimes it becomes a long-term expense, although it saves one from paying a large sum of money at once. This is clearly seen when one uses the standard lease wherein one pays for the cost of purchase with the charges of the leasing company. After a leasing period expires, one has to continue paying rent so as to use the equipment. The money one pays for an equipment is thus considerably more than the actual marked price of the product. Although one has not purchased the product, he or she has to maintain and repair it. If one lacks trained personnel, it may prove to be very expensive when a major repair is required, thus increasing the monthly payments (Perlis & Bradley, 2004). A lease has a high interest cost because the lessor makes returns from the leased products, implicating that they get high returns thus making their firm more qualified to borrow so as to purchase other assets. There is lack of the recovery value of the product if one needs to purchase the product. This is evident in products which depreciate in value. There is also difficulty in improving the products. This is because one is prohibited to make improvements on the products without the owner’s approval. It makes it hard to put finances on the leased property, thus making the lender the security to improve the product. If a product becomes outdated, one continues to pay for it till the lease period is over and even continues to use it even if it increases the production cost of one’s products. There are other expenses which follow if the owner had not paid for them, for example, one has to insure property if the owner had not insured. If you have to purchase a property, you lack background information about it unless a nearby neighbor sells to you, a situation which makes many leases to be inflexible (Boiron & Boiron, 008). When one wants to purchase a product, the market is usually untested to the resold product. There is also depreciation of the asset value before the end of the lease period. When it comes to selling of the companies head office, it is a very bad idea to sell and lease it again as this can cause a lot of damages to the company’s outlook if the owner decides not to lease it back. Further, we have to go and search for another to lease. If we decide to get any mortgage loan, we shall lack property to assist us in securing a loan which can help us run the business. The advantage of selling the head office is that we can shift to an area with high market for our services. References Boiron. P.; & Boiron, C. (2008). Commercial real estate investing in Canada: The complete reference for real estate. Â  Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Haight, G. T.; & Singer, D. (2005). The real estate investment handbook. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Kennedy, J. (2005). The small business owner’s manual: Everything you need to know to start up and run your business. Career Press. Lank, E. (2003). Modern real estate practice in New York: For salespersons and brokers. La Crosse, WI: Dearborn Real Estate. Peca, S. P. (2009). Real estate development and investment: A comprehensive approach. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Perlis, A.; & Bradley, B. (2004). The unofficial guide to buying a home. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Steingold, F. S.; & Steingold, F. (2010). Legal forms for starting & running a small business. Berkeley, California: Nolo. Tamper, R. (2002). Mastering real estate mathematics. La Crosse, WI:Â   Dearborn Real Estate.

Funny in Farsi

Funny in Farsi A Memior of Growing Up Iranian in America by Firoozeh Dumas is all about her life growing up in California after her dad is moved there but is company form Iran. Being born in Iran she had not learned much English so when she moved to the United State she slowly learned and was the translator for her mother a lot of the time. In her younger years she moved around about every two years and eventually she settled in America after her dad retired from the oil refinery in Iran.Since she was light skinned and had dark hair she could pass for an America as long as she did ot speak because of her accent, this abled her in many ways. After living in America for some time Firoozeh realizes that no one can really say her name the right way because the English language does not use the same sounds that are in the Persian language. Also by taking an America name she would no longer have to spend endless amounts of time trying to explain to people how to say her name.Since she look ed like a young American girl with an American name she could pass for someone that had been born and raised there, that is until she had to open her mouth to say something. After people started to think that she was an American they started to say things that she had never known that they had been saying before, about immigrants from her country. Whilst she has changed her name some Americans that had been traveling in Iran had been taken captive and held for a period of time and while the news was going over the story people started to talk about the issue.By having the American name she heard things that the people really thought about the issues with Iran instead of the polite things they would say to stay off of the subject. Kazem, her father, got fired from his Job for being Iranian during this time and found it very difficult to find another Job. Eventually he stopped putting that he was Persian or Iranian all together and became Turkish, Just so that he could find a Job duri ng Just a difficult time. After all of the problems with Iran went away she went to college at the University of California at Berkeley where she met her husband a Frenchman named Francois.Since Francois was not from the Middle East he was not part of all the craziness with Iran, but he could easily pass for an American because of his white skin. Also if he ad never said anything to anyone no one would ever know about his accent, but then again no big event happened in France that would turn the American people against them. Even though Firoozeh saw the darker side of the citizens in the United States, she did not seem to think that the country was anything less than a blessing, and stayed in the United States as an adult.American attitudes and biases toward immigrants different from country to country and from person to person, some think one way and others think the other way. Normally the things that factor into how a person see's another person are how hat person was raised, wha t beliefs they have, and how strongly they feel about the subject. The biggest factor is the way they were raised because if you are in a household where the parents or grandparents talk about a certain race of people in a bad way, it's the same as monkey see monkey do.If a child over hears there father talking about those stupid Persians, then that child is likely to go and repeat it to a friend, teacher, nanny, or another Persian themselves. Mainly the behavior towards immigrants has been learned whilst the child was growing up or even as an adult eople tend to believe things that they hear, and repeat them to other people which then lead to more people thinking the exact same way as the people that has said these things in the first place.Stereotypes about people happen on a day to day bias, someone sees some that has been wearing the same Jacket all winter and of they think that they are poor and probably cannot afford a new coat. When in all truth that person could Just be wear ing their favorite coat or this one may be the warmest of all the coats they own, a person can never tell anything about a person by Just briefly seeing them in the same hings or at the same places.People think that is someone from one country will do something harsh, rash, dangerous, or illegal that all people from that country are going to do it, and that has never been the case. If someone from a small town goes and robs a bank does that mean that everyone in that town is now going to go and rob another bank somewhere else, no it does not. By grouping people together as being all the same that is Just putting them into one group for one reason are they going to be separate into which are more likely to do this and which are more likely to o that, the answer is no.Firoozeh Dumas was born in Iran and then around seven moved to the United States, but she never thought any less of the people her the whole time she stayed and now even as an adult she live in California. Even after all the hardships she faced form moving here not knowing English and having to translate for her mother, going back to Iran and then coming back again. She saw all of the bias and the problems that people have with other countries and immigrants, she grew up in a world where not everyone is accepted for whole they truly are.

Explain the problems of religious language Essay

Explain the problems of religious language. (30) Some words used within religious language may be viewed as contradictory to our inherent beliefs and logical view as human beings one example of this would be the story of the ‘virgin Mary’ as there is no logical explanation to how she gave birth. Many of the words used in religious language are also metaphysical and have no physical representation therefore it is very hard for us as humans to fully comprehend the ideas they are expressing. An example of this is ‘God is timeless’ as we as humans live in a world where time is very much present so humans’ attempting to understand the phrase causes problems as it is outside of our past experiences. Many of the metaphysical questions within religious language can be problematic as it can not be answered through science or our logic for example ‘why were we created? ’ or ‘how did we get here? ’. Some scholars argue that our human language is not enough to describe religion thus we are doing God an injustice by attempting to explain it in human language, and that we should not expect that applying worldly language to religion to be adequate for our understanding of it. Similarly some argue that we should not even attempt to understand language hence why synagogues have no pictures of God. It may be argued that by giving God human-esk characteristics we are athromorphising god. Another key factor to religious language causing problems is that it is very difficult to interpret whether something should be taken literally or non-literally one example of this is God turning water into wine some interpreters may view it in its literal form whilst others may state that he turned a simple resource into something much more complex. Even if somebodies interpretation is completely correct there is still no real way of proving this. Something else which also causes confusion within religious language is the same words having different contexts for example ‘spirit’ one context is alcohol the other is God (the holy SPIRIT) these are to very different things and would cause great confusion if interpreted incorrectly. Another inherent problem of religious language is the argument that Russell put forward when he stated we should not believe a statement which has no evidence to back itself up with and religious texts offer very little of this evidence. Ayer also stated that ‘if it is not analytical and cannot be tested, then best to call it cognitively meaningfulness’ this ideology would be problematic for religious believers as religion cannot be tested.

Survey letter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Survey letter - Research Paper Example In order to express my heartfelt gratitude, I hereby enclose a gift certificate of MacDonald’s. Please enjoy with my complements. Attached, you will find a brief questionnaire concerning your business, and a self-addressed stamped envelope. Please return the survey no later than (August 15, 2014) so that i can complete my project on time. 3. What are the average net profits of Central Coast Wines in dollars or percent of sales after computing the overhead costs such as rent, administration, and inventory? (Use more than†¦.or less than†¦.in answering). Are these profits for one owner, or do they split between two or more partners? 7. Which brand is your best selling wine, and in what average quantities does it sell, per day, per week, and per year? What level of competition does this brand stand against other competitors’ products in the market – competitive advantage? 10. What chain of distribution does the company use in getting its products to the right market? Does the distribution channel have many intermediaries? Do these intermediaries affect the utility of the product, such as in price, place, and time

Report on RIP CURL Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Report on RIP CURL - Assignment Example The report aims at comparing the business communication process of Billabong with Rip Curl, one of the leading organizations selling gifts items in different parts of the world. The business communication process of both organizations is on the similar line because of the impact of globalization and wide arrays of consumers across the world. Over the years, online communication has changed the communication by making it fast and affordable for the masses. It has also helped in reaching consumers of different parts of the world in an effective manner. It needs to be understood that both organizations have been operating in same economies. The Australian economy has been doing well and is considered as one of the highly sustainable economies. Australia has been considered as a hot tourist spot helping Billabong and Rip Curl to be successful in the past as well as in the present. Rip Curl can be considered as a primitive organization with strong focus on direct communication. It has a great mixture of conventional and modern approach towards communication. The information was garnered from wide arrays of sources and resources like journals, website and newspapers that confirmed the communication approach raising problems. Overall, it can be assumed that the organization can only be successful through effective business strategies embedded with an honest and transparent mode of communication. (Roger. (1997) Chap