Effect of Climate Change on Agricultural Activities

Effect of modality Change on Agricultural ActivitiesChapter 1 IntroductionGlobal Climate ChangeClimate is changing with the slow and steady pattern. The term Global Warming is referred to the one-year reasonable temperature gain of the earth. The average annual temperature of the earth has increased to 0.8 C since the early 20th century and more than 66 percent of this increment happened after 1980. In this sense, especi entirelyy in the context of environmental policy, the term mode miscellanea has plough synonymous with the anthropogenic global heating system. In many scientific journals, the term global warming refers to protrude temperature increase while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing immaturehouse gas levels go away affect.the Statess Climate Choices. Washington, D.C. The National Academies Press. 2011. p.15.ISBN978-0-309-14585-5. The average temperature of the Earths surface increased by about1.4F(0.8C) over the past 100 years, with about1.0F(0.6C) of this warming occurring over just the past three decades.Climate Change is a natural phenomenon whitethorn change the average weather conditions of any bea because of somewhat reasons. These reasons ar biotic processes, variations in solar ray of coruscation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and vol give the axeic eruptions. It is also observed that humans argon also impart to the climate change by their activities and these activities flock cause significant change to the Climate, this phenomenon is called Global Warming.Change in the annual temperature, rainwater, and wind patterns of an cranial orbit can cause significant impacts to the plant productivity of any area positively or negatively. Global warming can be a problem for coastal areas where it can cause rise in the sea level and thus may destroy the coastal areas and land. wind of sea level may also pollute the underground fresh piss and people may face urine related problems. Climate Change may be beneficial for the lands covered in the ice like Polar Regions by dint of which a man-sized area can be vacated but it may invites some new disasters which would affect the life of humans in other parts of the world. environment is a very sensitive system, when something new enters in the environment doesnt accept it easily because it is attribute the full-page food chain with it and we humans are also very much linked with this food chain and when one link of this chain is disturbed it would directly or indirectly affect the totally chain. Thus it is very key to keep the chain intact and proper protection to this chain should be provided.Rise is temperature changes the whole habitat of an area because when temperature of an area rises the wind patterns of that area change because high temperature would fixate the air hot in the area and the air would move up and a low nip area would be formed. To fill this low pressure area the airs from ring areas will enter which will be cold and sometimes full of moisture and it would result in cloud organization and as a result rainfall would occur. But if this process gains more temperature accordingly it would trigger the whole process and thus the climate of the area would be changing.This research addresses the climate changing in the rule Gujrat which is affecting the rural activities of the area and vegetation cover is also macrocosm affected by the climate change. As we know that our food necessities are directly associated with vegetation cover and if the vegetation is disturbed by the climate change then it is going to affect all the people associated with it. So this research is distinguished in the context that the vegetation is important for us and if in that respect should be proper measures taken to admit the impacts of climate change on vegetation.agribusinessAgriculture is the most renowned activity in the under-developing countries, because of untrammelled availabi lity of fertile land and less trend towards industrialization and other secondary and tertiary activities. base activities are those activities which are related to agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing, hunting and gathering, fishing, and quarrying. The ancient sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth. The primary sector includes the production of raw material and basic foods. The major reason for primary activities in under- unfeigned countries are the less education, less urbanization, less demand for development, and bad sparing conditions. Primary activities also prevails in the developed countries but these activities are very less as compared to the secondary and tertiary activities. About 3% of America is engaged in primary activities as compared to under-developed countries where the percentage of primary activities is more than 50-60%.(http//geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/sectorsecon omy.htm)In developed countries, the primary activities are very less in balance as compared to other activities positive(p) these countries have proper techniques for saving their agriculture from being destroyed due to change of climate or any other disaster. On the other hand the underdeveloped countries are having very large ratio of agriculture in at that place economy and other primary activities nor do they have the techniques to save their economic source.This research is mainly concerned with one type of these countries which are underdeveloped and totally relying on the uncouth activities or other primary activities to fulfill their economic needs. That country is Pakistan, Pakistan is one of these countries which is relying on the agricultural activities.Agriculture in PunjabAgricultural of Pakistan is depending upon two kind of water resources riverine water and rain water. Rivers are providing water through with(predicate) with(predicate) different canals. Rain is not the efficient source of providing water to the agriculture because it is very scarce in Pakistan and precisely the northern and westerly regions receive the amount of rainfall necessary for agriculture. The southern regions such as Sindh, southward Punjab and Baluchistan dont receive the rainfall required for agricultureAgriculture through Irrigation in that location are seven link canals in Pakistan which are substantially important for agriculture in Pakistan these canals are as followChashma Jhelum relateTaunsa Panjnad LinkRasul Qadirabad LinkQadirabad Balloki LinkBalloki Sulemanki Link IITrimmu Sidhnai LinkSidhnai Milsi Bahawal LinkThese are the canals which being utilized for irrigation purposes and dependency on rain water does not exist.Agriculture through RainsThe second source of agriculture is rain water, playing a substantial role in those areas where there is no river or canal. Rain recharges the ground water in those areas and that water is utilized in the jui celess date for the agriculture and other uses. In Punjab the high quantity of rainfall is towards the northern areas which are plastered to the Jammu Kashmir and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The average annual rainfall of Northern Punjab is roughly 700mm which is because the North Punjab receives two types of rainfall one is through Monsoons coming from the east from Bay of Bengal and the other is through westward winds coming from the Caspian Sea and Mediterranean maritimeArea of Interest (Gujrat)District Gujrat is the North Eastern District in Punjab where it is bounded with the Azad Kashmir from North East, Mandi Bahauddin from the South western side which was once part of this district but after 1996 it was separated from this district, Jhelum from the North Western side separated by the river Jhelum and Gujranwala and Sialkot from the Southern side separated by the river Chenab. It is between two important rivers of Pakistan Jhelum and Chenab which makes it the most fertile land o f Pakistan. According to the Indus pact of 1960 both of these rivers were given to Pakistan thats why the consort of these rivers remains constant throughout the year unlike other rivers of Pakistan which dont flow during the winter season.The language Punjabi is being spoken in this part of Pakistan according to the Census of 1998 and 95% of people say it with following dialectsMajhi or Standard (Majority)Potohari (Few people finishingmouthed jehlum district)Shah puri dialect (Few people speak this dialect)Other than Punjabi there are two more languages being spoken in this area which are Urdu and English. According to the 1998 enumerate of Pakistan the total population of Gujrat district was 2,048,008 of which 1,026,000 are males and 1,022,000 are females, with a population density of 642 persons per square kilometer. oer 25.62% of the population was recorded as being urban.1998 Census of Pakistan figures Urban Resource CentreThe urban center of Gujrat is split up into two circles, City Circle (Head office Gujrat City) and Sadar Circle (Head office Jalalpur Jattan. The major source of income among the people of the city are agriculture and small industries.As agriculture is the major source of income among the people of city Gujrat then it is very important to stay safe from any kind of disaster which can damage agricultural prospect of the city suburbs.Chenab is a major river menstruum between India and Pakistan, originates from the upper Himalaya where Indian state of Himachal Pradesh exists, reaches Punjab flowing through Jammu and Kashmir. It has many tributaries which are in Pakistan and also In India. According the Indus water treaty the water of river Chenab is allocated to Pakistan. It enters Pakistan forming a boundary between two districts of Punjab which are Sialkot and Gujrat. It provides water to the Pakistan throughout the year, in winter season the water quantity is decreased while in summer season the water coming as a result of mons oon rains causes floods in the southern Punjab. The flood of 2010 in Pakistan had a allot of contribution from this river.Chenab being a large river body is surrounding the city of Gujrat and fulfilling the water needs of the city. As we know that water is an essential element for the agriculture, the agriculture of the city Gujrat is also relying on the water of this river. As river recharges the ground water of this city which is utilized in the season of winter when the crops need more water and rainfall cant fulfill the needs of the citys agricultural land.ClimateThe city of Gujrat is located in temperate zone where the temperature shoots up to 45 Centigrade during the summer season while hot spells are wretched because of proximity of the Azad Kashmir Mountains with the city of Gujrat. In the season of winter the temperature may fall to 2 Centigrade.The average rainfall on the Kashmir border is over 1000 mm, at Kharian it is 750 mm, at Gujrat 670 mm, and at Dinga 500 mm. Gujr at city receives the average annual rainfall of 67cm (670mm) according to the data received from Meteorological department. Summer receives the heavy monsoons which are almost 80 percent of the annual rainfall and winter receives the rest of 20 percent rainfall which is as a result of western winds coming from Mediterranean and Caspian seas bringing moisture with them and release while liberation through different regions, when western winds reaches Gujrat they turn almost dry thats why the contribution of western winds to the annual rainfall is small. The monsoon winds are originated from the east near the Bay of Bengal in the summer season when the Inter-tropical product Zone (ITCZ) pushes to the North after the 21st March of every year. This change of ITCZ create a lot of low pressures in the regions and it also helps evaporate enough water from the ocean. Forming of different low pressures attract winds from the surrounding areas so these monsoon winds starts moving towards th ese low pressure areas and this is how they reach Gujrat at the end of month of June and start the rains which are sometimes disastrous for crops because of excessive rainfall or lateness of rainfall commonly known as flunk of the monsoon rains.WavelengthsSun emit radiations which are composed of different wavelengths, some of these wavelengths are very harmful and some of these wavelengths are helpful for us. Harmful wavelengths are having high frequency such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma and extremist Violet rays are blocked by our automatic teller and they dont reach us because of the thickset wall of ozone layer. Helpful rays are those which have frequencies and high wavelengths they are not blocked by the atmosphere and they are beneficial for the human because ocular portion is also included in this part. viewable SpectrumVisible portion is composed of three important rays having wavelengths from 0.4 to 0.7m and are termed as Blue, Green and Red. These rays are the only wavelengt hs which a human eye can see while all the other wavelengths cant be seen by the human eye and the spectrum of wavelength is very large.Normalized Difference plant Index (Ndvi)Normalized divergency plant Index is often called NDVI, a technique used to determine vegetation cover of any area through satellite data. Sunlight reaches the earth surface and hit different targets, those targets may include all objects placed on the earth surface. These objects have specific reflectance curve (reflectance values as a result of interaction with the sunlight). Vegetation also have a reflectance curve according to which the paint in plant leaves, chlorophyll, strongly absorbs viewable light (from 0.4 to 0.7 m) for use in photosynthesis. The cell structure of the leaves, on the other hand, strongly reflects near infrared light (from 0.7 to 1.1 m). The more leaves a plant has, the more these wavelengths of light are affected, respectively.Vegetation appears very different at visible and near infrared wavelengths. In visible light (top), vegetated areas are very dark, almost black, while desert regions (like the Sahara) are light. At near-infrared wavelengths, the vegetation is brighter and desolate are about the same. By comparing visible and infrared light, scientists measure the relative amount of vegetation.NDVI is mensurable from the visible and near-infrared light reflected by vegetation. Healthy vegetation (left) absorbs most of the visible light that hits it, and reflects a large portion of the near-infrared light. Unhealthy or sparse vegetation (right) reflects more visible light and less near infrared light. The numbers on the figure above are representative of actual values, but real vegetation is much more varied. (Illustration by Robert Simmon).Nearly all satellite Vegetation Indices employ this difference formula to quantify the density of plant growth on the Earth near-infrared radiation minus visible radiation divided by near-infrared radiation plus vi sible radiation. The result of this formula is called the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Written mathematically, the formula isNDVI = (NIR VIS)/ (NIR + VIS)Calculations of NDVI for a given pixel always result in a number that ranges from minus one (-1) to plus one (+1) however, no green leaves gives a value close to zero. A zero means no vegetation and close to +1 (0.8 0.9) indicates the highest possible density of green leaves.